The Portrayal Of Women Of Contemporary Rap Videos

The aim of this study is examine the portrayal of women in contemporary rap videos, and to see if it could be potentially harmful. Unfortunately within the music industry like many industries sex sells, and the media has brought to light this fixation. Hip-hop has persuaded a large portion of society that this is how women should be treated, but new times call for new measures and it is time that people realise this and give women the respect and dignity that many believe they surly deserve. In the rap world, women are a status of success, and they are treated almost as trophies: a way for rappers to show that they have made it to the top of their game. It is not that rappers feel that women are inferior, but they feel treating women like a collector’s item is how they should go about flaunting their new-found success. Rappers always try to have the best looking girls in their videos, which make other people, predominantly young men, think how they are living the high life, being able to get the best looking girls, girls they could only dream of getting. The intent of this faà §ade is to simply make money, but rappers do not realise how much of an impact their music is having on the younger generations. When the younger generation watch television and see artists throw money in the air, with expensive cars and women, that image is stored in their minds as the definition of success. They begin to believe the idea that in order to accomplish success, you must have beautifulShow MoreRelated Portrayal of Women in Rap and Music Videos Essay1725 Words   |  7 Pages Misogyny and degradation of women is present in almost every genre of music, yet the one genre that completely revolves around demeaning women is rap. Over the years rap and rap music videos have continually become more sexual and degrading towards women. Rap has been criticized numerous times for this reason, and that is because rap is one of the most popular genres of music for the younger generations. It is more than a genre of music, it is a complete industry filled with clothing and other merchandiseRead MoreEssay on Lets Stop Glorifying Drugs in Music Videos513 Words   |  3 PagesLets Stop Glorifying Drugs in Music Videos The music industry and the glorification of drugs in music videos today have changed drastically on a higher level. Since the powerful influence of Hip-Hop and its emergence into a worldwide culture, it has sweep through inner cites and suburban life styles impacting each and everyone of us. The Hip-Hop culture, not only as a form of free poetic expression (form of spoken word and poetry,) by young black African Americans but a true lookRead MorePopular Culture Film And Music1385 Words   |  6 Pagesthis particular social process. Context, being the time and place in which the medium is being produced, assumes a major responsibility in the portrayal of drugs themselves, the user, the dealer and the trafficker. Zinberg’s (1984) description of drug use as ‘drug, set and setting’ presents strongly in the notion of context. This is evident in the portrayal of a drug on-screen as it becomes increasingly popular amongst the public. Social and political changes affect usage and its representation ofRead More MTVs Portrayal of Women Essay2301 Words   |  10 PagesMTVs Portrayal of Women I see the rattle and the hum of music television. Flash upon flash of sensory information lights the screen with sound bites, flashbulbs, sex and rock and roll. I am watching MTV in the semi-darkness of a friends living room and it is easy for me to understand the attraction of this style of television. MTV is pure energy. It has vitality, powerful images, larger-than-life heroes, and the edginess that the best pop music always has. I find MTV strangely hypnoticRead MoreUnder The Neon Filter : Spring Breakers1025 Words   |  5 Pagesfun at contemporary pop culture, while revealing deeper, underlying themes of racial and social roles. Spring break is merely a setting for the murderous, illegal activities that take place within the 94 minutes of runtime. Deeper connections are presented upon every view of this film; perhaps infinite perceptions can be interpreted by this experimental take on contemporary society. Set in St. Petersburg, Florida, the shot composition of this film resembles that of a contemporary rap video. SpringRead MoreThe Sexualization Of Women s Status2384 Words   |  10 PagesSexualization of women in the media, be it as a marketing front for products or props in movies and music videos, serves to diminish women’s status in society. Though women are universally exploited by the media, in North America women are depicted differently based on race. However, these depictions are polarized between women of colour, to be precise black women, and white women. When juxtaposed, white women appear as demure and black women as sexually aggressive. Mass media’s portrayal of black women is notRead More The Affect of Media Beauty Standards on Womens Self Esteem Essay2155 Words   |  9 PagesThe Affect of Media Beauty Standards on Womens Self Esteem In the daily fight for the emancipation of women and the pressures and influence of advertising, women of all ages are coerced into physical and psychological self-torment trying to achieve an optimum look or image. This is something not limited to a few. One can see the work of television advertisers in high schools everyday as girls wear the same clothing, makeup and accessories as their favorite stars. They may also try to imitateRead MoreAfrican Americans During The 19th Century1929 Words   |  8 Pagesprofoundly described as nothing more than white performers â€Å"stealing a complexion denied to them†¦in which to make money and pander the corrupt taste of fellow white citizens† (Saunders). White performers were able to convince America that their portrayal in these shows were the means by which African Americans behaved and interacted with others, that this was, in fact, authentic accounts of what was taking place in southern culture. The dehumanizing and inaccura te depictions of African AmericansRead MoreChanging Themes in the Art of Rap1800 Words   |  8 Pagespassion and substance in rap has escaped; if it was left to wither in the blazing grass, or blow away in the fresh air. Today, we try to understand what is hip hop, and why it’s becoming the â€Å"black noise† we once denied it to be. Ever since rap officially emerged in the 1970s, critics had a negative reaction; even when rap had meaning and substance and consisted of people telling their stories. Now that rap has become more contemptuous, critics have began to question what rap is really about. It isRead MoreDifferences Between Hip Hop And Pop Hop3082 Words   |  13 Pagesindividuals to be true to their roots, and not to â€Å"front† or make-believe something they are not (Rickford and Rickford 2000: 23). Hip Hop is apparently a multiracial and multicultural movement, yet its roots and artistic strength and most of its well-known rap artists, come primaril y from urban African American communities (Blake 1993). In 1999, it was dubbed â€Å"the most important musical genre in America† by the New York Times (Strauss 1999: 28), and has debatably been one of the foremost youth cultures in

Analysis Of Thomas Hardy s Candour Essay - 1415 Words

Victorian women had limited opportunities within their patriarchal society. Divided by the public masculine sphere that existed outside the home and the private sphere of femininity they found themselves governed by the ideals of chastity and domesticity. They became subject to the hegemony of their husbands, and found themselves labelled as either a wife or lover but not both. This bifurcation of women into the Madonna-whore complex consolidated the division between the sexes. Towards the end of the era changes for those within this restrictive domain began to occur, these changes gave rise to the New Woman, someone who was free to make her own choices, who could work and eschew marriage and motherhood. Writers began exploring these shifting attitudes in order to understand the consequences of such freedoms. In his essay, Candour in English Fiction, Thomas Hardy suggests one way to achieve realism in a novel is through the â€Å"honest portrayal† (117) of relationships betwe en characters, the success and failures of which need examining in order to achieve believability and excite interest in â€Å"the minds of thoughtful readers† (116). The female characters in Hardy’s The Return of the Native and Bram Stoker’s, Dracula do not always conform to the Victorian norms and this determines the types of relationships they develop with the men who surround them. Within their novels, Hardy and Stoker explore the good and bad aspects of these relationships and the repercussions arising out

I believe that sports are a lesson of life free essay sample

I believe that sports build character. They require heart, perseverance, physical and mental strength, and also trust. And if you lack any of these, practicing will develop them. You gain a special bond with your teammates, with wins and especially losses. After a loss you practice harder and concentrate more on perfecting your game. When someone plays with aggression and go all-out you look up to them. There are many situations in athletics where you have to make a quick and important decision and the consequences of that decision will affect the whole team. It is very important for teammates to trust each other. The best teams have many players working toward the same goal as one solid unit. In sports, you can be the underdog or the top dog. Either way you try to be the best you can be and beat your opponent. I think that both, sports that require a team, and sports that rely on your self are both good for you. We will write a custom essay sample on I believe that sports are a lesson of life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I believe that sports should be in every kid’s life, not only to keep them active and to keep them in shape, but also to teach them the principals of teamwork, hard work, motivation, dedication, and commitment. All sports will teach you all of those skills. It is also proven that kids in school do better in their classes if they are active in a sport. Sports that take a team, not only shows you how to build character but they also show you team work. Team sports show you how to work together, how to not be selfish. Every young kid should be active in a team sport, to help him or her learn that you can’t always be a ball hog, or always want to be the hot shot of the team; it shows you how to work together. I also strongly believe in independent sports, like wrestling. Wrestling is a team sport, but when you are out on the mat it’s just you and your opponent, no one else. I believe that kids should also be involved in independent sports, because they teach you to not always rely on someone else to do the work, it’s all you. Independent sports help you build confidence, they show you that you can do things on your own, they show you how to take control, and to reach whatever goal needed on your own with nobody else’s help. Sports have made me the person I am today; if it wasn’t for sports I wouldn’t be as confident as I am. I would not be as motivated, or dedicated like I am now. I believe that sports build character. They require heart, perseverance, physical and mental strength, and also trust

Marketing Plan for a New Fashion Brand for Women free essay sample

The collection will contain casual, cocktail and evening dresses, coats, shirts, jackets, skirts etc. The business intense to market its line as an alternative to existing clothing lines and differentiate itself by marketing strategies, exclusiveness and high brand awareness. All the collections will be manufactured in E. U. using â€Å"made in Europe† components. The Market Market Description The  R. O. I. and UK  fashion industry is large, mature, and highly fragmented. Clothes sold in  Ireland and  United Kingdom are produced both domestically and in foreign locations. The  UK market can be divided into two tiers: national brands and other. National brands are produced by approximately  15 sizable companies and currently account for some 30% of all  wholesale sales. The second tier, accounting for 70% of all apparel distributed, comprises small brands and store (or private-label) goods. Apparel is sold at a variety of retail outlets. Based on data from NPD Group, discount stores, off-price retailers, and factory outlets accounted for 30% of  2009 apparel sales, while specialty stores and department stores accounted for 22% and 18%, respectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for a New Fashion Brand for Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another 17% were sold at major chains, and direct mail/catalogues accounted for 6%. The remaining 7% of apparel sales occurred through other means of distribution Market Segmentation The company plans to target females between the ages of  30 and  up with a combined household income of more than â‚ ¬60,000. Within this group, there are no  ethnical barriers, and customers have diverse backgrounds. The brand  customer is a versatile woman who can fit into any environment and is willing to pay a middle market price for quality clothing. Customer currently shop in quality department stores and boutiques for mid to high value items that are used on special and semi-special occasions in a work and personal context. Customer is socially active, eating out, travelling and entertaining at home in addition to attending business related functions. The companys target group is seen as having enough disposable income to spend on middle market priced quality clothing. Competition  in our  market segments is usually driven by who is offering the best quality, most interesting  design for less. The key to success is the quality of the clothes: how and where it was made and with what materials. The buying factors include what is in for each season, and the relation of comfort to style each woman is aiming for. A few of the main competitors are: L. K. Bennett Karen Millen Hobbs Reiss Marketing strategy and Implementation The  brand will leverage its expertise, product offer and marketing strategy to increase its customer base while driving sales and profit. The following sections review the various strategies that will support this effort. SWOT Analysis The following SWOT analysis captures the key strengths and weaknesses within the company, and describes the opportunities and threats facing the brand. Strengths †¢ Strong relationships with suppliers that offer credit arrangements, flexibility, and response to special product requirements †¢ Distinctive signature style and USP †¢ Excellent and stable staff, offering personalized customer service †¢ Strong merchandising and product presentation. †¢ Contact with very good PR and Marketing company †¢ Beautiful and clear website †¢ All the brand collections are manufactured in E. U. using â€Å"made in Europe† components. Weaknesses †¢ Owner  is still climbing the business experience curve †¢ Cash flow †¢ Challenges of the seasonality of the business †¢ Customer base not yet established Opportunities †¢ Growing market with a significant percentage of our target market still not knowing we exist. †¢ An innovative e-Bespoke application which will allow  women to customize the clothing of their choice †¢ Strategic alliances  offering sources  for referrals and joint marketing activities to extend our reach. †¢ Growing sell in Luxurious goods sector †¢ Changes in design trends can initiate  wardrobe updating and  generate  sales †¢ Internet potential for selling products to other markets around the world. †¢ Potential to take on a selling agent and PR company †¢ Potential to diversify into subsidiary products such as bags, shoes, homeware etc. Strategic alliances or opportunity to partner with others with complementary skills Threats †¢ Continued price pressure due to competition or the weakening market reducing contribution margins †¢ New competitor enters market †¢ Changes in import and export laws tha t affect pricing or supply sources †¢ Changes to exchange rates or interest rates. Marketing Strategy The companys promotional plan is diverse and includes a range of marketing communications: †¢ Press releases and pictures are issued to fashion magazines and to the fashion bloggers around the world. †¢ Website and online shop and company blog †¢ Online e-Bespoke application †¢ Company representatives will attend and participate in several trade shows London-Pure, Paris -Who’s next, Berlin-Bread and Butter) †¢ Print advertising like brochures, business cards, catalogues. †¢ Advertisements in magazines and on Fashion and lifestyle websites and blogs. †¢ The company also plans to use various other channels including Google Ads, and social media like Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest. †¢ Dressing local celebrities †¢ Organizing charitable donations †¢ Host a private trunk shows †¢ Hiring PR company and sales agent Sales Strategy The business intense to market its line as an alternative to existing clothing lines and differentiate itself by marketing strategies, exclusiveness and high brand awareness. There will be three distribution channels of the brand: Online store with ready-to-wear collection focus on export and local market, wholesale to the boutique owners around the world and thru an online e-Bespoke innovative application which will allow  women to customize the clothing of their choice (export and local focus). The vast majority of our sales  (app. 70%)  will be generated by our online shop and an innovative e-Bespoke application which allows customers to customize the item of their choice with the few clicks of the mouse. The third channel of distribution will be placing the collections in the high-end boutiques and department stores. The company sales goal is to generate repeat business and strong word-of-mouth advertising based on great buying experience.

A Review of Kate Chopins The Awakening Research Paper Example

A Review of Kate Chopins The Awakening Research Paper Example A Review of Kate Chopins The Awakening Paper A Review of Kate Chopins The Awakening Paper Essay Topic: The Awakening The survivor squints, nods for a while and finally asks timidly: Its been while since my ship sank Could you please build a motorway connecting my lonely island to the mainland and procure an ultraist car which I can use to travel back home? The genie furrows his brow, outs and shakes his head, and goes on complaining about all the mess with drying up the ocean, all the concrete he has to fix, and so on, and so on. The survivor, nonplussed, asks again: You know, dear genie, throughout my whole life one thing was disturbing me much more than any other: comprehending the womans nature. You know, I would really love to know why they have their whimsies, moods, why are they so capricious once in every while The genie raises his hand and cuts in: Mortal one, do you want a two- or four-lane Its Incredibly hard to malting an objective tone when writing about an Idea as ridiculous as the point made by Katie Chopin in her novel, The Awakening. Although I perceive myself as an open-minded and world-curious person, every tolerance has its limits There were moments when I had to resist the urge to put the little brown mom away for good, and only being cognizant of consequences of such action to my English grade made me force myself through the yellowish pages. Why did its content disturb me to the point of patting palm against the forehead and shaking my head In distaste? The main character of the novel, Edna Pointillist leads a comfortable life. A sweet, loving husband, cute children, enormous amounts of money and an extremely large house. Yet with all of this, Edna Is not fulfilled. After six years of marriage to Leonie, Edna feels an ever-growing void In her life and starts a frantic pursuit for something to fill this void with; the pursuit that we have questionable pleasure to see both from inside (her feelings) and outside (reactions of her friends). Tell me that I am chauvinistic, but isnt marriage based on the concept of mutual agreement to be together in both the thick and thin times? How comes that when men cheat on their wives It Is perceived as a deed of execrableness, whereas thelengthened women such as Edna are free to simply get bored with their lifes ratters Anita cool main character De a topic AT another essay, out, coming Deck to cocoons novels She gives up all of her responsibilities such as taking care of her children when they were sick and she never spent time playing with them. Let alone rejecting her loving husband offers and showing Juvenile boldness as when she breaks a valuable vase or tries to crush the wedding ring. If this shows a contrast between her inner, awakening self and the confining role she has to play in society, as a mother and a fife. Then, well, maybe my tiny brain is not capable of comprehending all of this. After the novel rediscovery in 1969, the book has been often praised for its treatment of womens issue. With Edna being lifted to the rank of an universal all- feminist icon, and posthumous near-reverence of the novels author, Kate Chopin, one could see hardly any voices of criticism. The time of adulation, however, passed and now re-readings of the novel tend to criticize its treatment of race and class. The caged Edna turns out to be quite an egocentric character, failing to relate her own social confinement to the subordinate status of the faceless black servants in the novel. Time for some so-called final words. Should I be deeply touched in the very end of the book, when our crippled bird, Edna Pointillist, commits suicide in the billowing sea mass? Probably. But let me be frank; now its my turn to break with the conveyance I simply wasnt. I Just rolled my tired eyes, and, muttering something about maddens fate, turned off the night lamp and fell asleep

Facts and Characteristics of the Caspian Tiger

Facts and Characteristics of the Caspian Tiger One of three subspecies of Eurasian tiger to go extinct within the last century, the other two are the Bali Tiger and the Javan Tiger, the Caspian Tiger once roamed huge swaths of territory in central Asia, including Iran, Turkey, the Caucasus, and the -stan territories bordering Russia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, etc.). An especially robust member of the Panthera tigris family, the largest males approached 500 pounds, the Caspian Tiger was hunted mercilessly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially by the Russian government, which put a bounty on this beast in a heavy-handed effort to reclaim farmlands bordering the Caspian Sea. Why Did the Caspian Tiger Go Extinct? There are a few reasons, besides relentless hunting, why the Caspian Tiger went extinct. First, human civilization encroached mercilessly on the Caspian Tigers habitat, converting its lands into cotton fields and even looping roads and highways through it fragile habitat. Second, the Caspian Tiger succumbed to the gradual extinction of its favorite prey, wild pigs, which were also hunted by humans, as well as falling prey to various diseases and perishing in floods and forest fires (which grew more frequent with changes in the environment). And third, the Caspian Tiger was already pretty much on the brink, restricted to such a small range of territory, in such dwindling numbers, that virtually any change would have tipped it inexorably toward extinction. One of the odd things about the extinction of the Caspian Tiger is that it happened literally while the world was watching: various individuals were hunted died and were documented by naturalists, by the news media, and by the hunters themselves, in the course of the early 20th century. The list makes for depressing reading: Mosul, in what is now the country of Iraq, in 1887; the Caucasus Mountains, in the south of Russia, in 1922; Irans Golestan Province in 1953 (after which, too late, Iran made hunting the Caspian Tiger illegal); Turkmenistan, a Soviet republic, in 1954; and a small town in Turkey as late as 1970 (although this last sighting is poorly documented). Confirmed Sightings Although its widely considered to be an extinct species, there have been numerous, unconfirmed sightings of the Caspian Tiger over the past few decades. More encouragingly, genetic analysis has shown that the Caspian Tiger may have diverged from a population of (still extant) Siberian Tigers as recently as 100 years ago and that these two tiger subspecies may even have been one and the same animal. If this turns out to be the case, it may be possible to resurrect the Caspian Tiger by as simple an expedient as re-introducing the Siberian Tiger to its once-native lands of central Asia, a project that has been announced (but not yet fully implemented) by Russia and Iran, and which falls under the general category of de-extinction.

Thomas Pierce's Pragmatic Criterion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Thomas Pierce's Pragmatic Criterion - Essay Example Pierce’s view in this essay is that for us to arrive at the correct and clear apprehension of an object, we must â€Å"consider what effects, which might conceivably have practical bearings, we conceive the object of our conception to have. Then, our conception of these effects is the whole of our conception of the object.† Significance of Pierce's Pragmatic Criterion Pragmatism is based on the premise that for intelligence practice to be possible, it is important that human beings have the capability to theorize. Pierce’s pragmatic criterion is significant in that it enables the two spheres of theory and practice to be integrated together into a functional unit and thus form the basis of intelligence practice. In this way, it enables people to have a clear and distinct conception about something. It also enables them to differentiate between clear and unclear/obscure, and between distinct and confused conceptions (Haack 36). Pierce’s pragmatic criterion e liminates the chances of forming conception about an object out of haste conclusions or personal perception. This is because it calls for a thorough analysis of the object in terms of its practical effects for example, if one was to state that something is soft or hard. The person will have to consider many effects of the hard or soft object on other objects and effects of other objects on this particular object. For example, the hard object can scratch other objects but it is not easily scratched by others and a good example is a stone. On the other hand, a soft object can easily be scratched by other objects but itself, it may not be able to scratch other objects. An example of this is a mattress. The practical effects/consequences in this case refers to results from experimental practice. In Pierce’s pragmatic criterion, only the sum of the consequences posed by the object constitutes its whole meaning of the conception and not any external feeling or perceptions (Pierce 2 90). It is therefore reasonable to conclude that Pierce’s pragmatic criterion is a criterion of truth. That is, a means through which we can judge the accuracy and validity of claims and statements about various objects. This is important given that various people can make different claims about a single object. From the above, it is clear that Pierce’s pragmatic criterion provides evidence of certainty and intellectual conception that is important for intelligence practice. Without this evidence of certainty or results from experimental practice, it would be difficult to distinguish some objects. For example without scratching a hard and soft object, it is very difficult to tell which one among them is soft and which one among them is hard. By the outlook, a diamond crystallized in the midst of a soft cotton cushion may seem softer than a mattress. However, this is not the reality of a diamond and a mattress (Pierce 291). Bringing the two objects to test is therefore the surest way of developing the correct conception of the two objects. Reflection is important in philosophy and Pierce’s pragmatic criterion provides an important means of reflection. The ultimate end of this is that it makes ideas clear. This is achieved through a good study of logic instead of putting them aside or eliminating them with haste answers. Haack and Lane (45) explain that in Pierce’

Arabic Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arabic Culture - Essay Example The Arabic language is a unifying language that is spoken by people classified as Semites and who are Asians of African origin while the language remains to have a lot of resemblance with Hebrew language. Arabic language is widely used among the Arabs and Muslims together with extensive use among the local communities as a vernacular language. There is a notable difference in the dialect of Arabic language which range from the modern standard, the media and the educated and the Arabic as vernacular (Mellor 55). Arabic language plays a significant role in the Arabic culture. For instance, some terminologies used in the Quran which is written in Arabic cannot be translated to other languages thereby, making Arabic a unifying factor in the Arab culture. Some of the terms that cannot be translated are kept in their original formats making it essential for people intending to become Islamic scholars to study the Arabic language (Mellor 111). In addition, Classical Arabic which is the main language used to write the Quran is the sole language used for presiding religious functions including prayers and Quran studying. It is for this reasons that I conclude that Arabic language plays a critical role in Arabic culture due to its usage in Quran writing which is a unifying book among the Arabs who are

A History of Journalism in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

A History of Journalism in the Philippines Essay Revolution, the press, which plays a potent role in the promotion of truth, justice, and democracy, and of peace, progress, and prosperity, was liberated from dictatorship. During this period, crony newspapers were closed and the National Press Club and the Philippine Press Institute were revived to professionalize mass media in the country. During this period, significant changes, advances, and developments have taken place in Philippine journalism. Newspapers and periodicals have expanded in pages, sections, coverages, and circulations. They have become venues of sensitive issues like death penalty, charter change, juetengate scandal, and visiting forces agreement, and of diverse issues about the civil society, land reform, human rights, genders issues, and other areas that before the 1986 EDSA Revolution were previously ignored or minimally covered. Some investigative reports have led to further investigations, have enhanced transparency, and have reduced corruption in the judiciary, executive, and legislative branches of the government. These developments are attributed to the continuing efforts of the newspaper and the periodical industry and their research and academic organizations: the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, which conducts rigorous research in the affairs of the state; the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, which upgrades professionalism and responsibility of media practitioners through seminars, workshops, and publications; the Philippine Press Institute, which conducts trainings and sponsors the Annual Community Press Awards that recognizes excellence among provincial newspapers and periodicals; and the Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, which offers graduate studies in journalism and in communication management and conducts media research, interim training, and policy advocacy. In 1998, there are 14 daily broadsheets and 19 tabloids published in Metro  Manila. Among the broadsheets with the biggest circulations include the Manila Bulletin with a claimed circulation of 280 000 on weekdays and 300 000 on weekends and the Philippine Daily Inquirer with a claimed circulation of 260 000 on weekdays and 280 000 on weekends. Among the tabloids with the biggest circulations include the Abante with a claimed circulation of 417 600 and the People’s Journal with a claimed circulation of 382 000. Out of the 408 provincial newspapers and periodicals, 30 are printed daily, 292 are published weekly, and the rest are circulated either monthly or quarterly. Today, based from the 2000 Philippine Media Fact Book, there are 559 print publications, 475 broadsheets, 45 magazines, and 39 tabloids and comics; 22 percent are published in the National Capital Region, 12 broadsheets, 17 tabloids, 32 magazines, 39 comics, and 5 Chinese newspapers. Among the broadsheets with the biggest circulations include the Philippine Daily Inquirer with a daily circulation of 257 416, followed by the Philippine Star, 251 000, and the Manila Bulletin, 240 000. Other broadsheets with their daily circulation are as follows: Today, 152 268; Kabayan, 150 000; Malaya, 135 193; Manila Standard, 96 310; Sun Star Manila, 87 000; Philippine Post, 78 218; The Manila Times, 75 000; Business World, 61 283; and The Daily Tribune, 50 000. Among the tabloids with the biggest circulations include Bulgar with a daily circulation of 448 450, followed by the People’s Journal, 382 200, and the People’s Tonight, 365 811. Other tabloids with their daily circulation are as follows: Remate, 310 000; Abante, 260 000; Bandera, 253 523; Pilipino Star Ngayon, 250 200, People’s Bagong Taliba, 210 000; Balita, 175 725; Tempo, 160 000; Abante Tonight, 150 000; Isyu, 126 835; Saksi Ngayon, 100 000; Remate Tonight, 90 000; Balita sa Hapon, 35 000; and Sun Star Bulilit, 30 000. Among the Sunday supplements of daily newspapers, Panorama of the Manila Bulletin has the highest number of circulation, 300 000, followed by the Sunday Inquirer Magazine of the Philippine daily Inquirer, 268 575, and the Starweek Magazine of the Philippine Star, 268 000. Among the entertainment magazines, Glitter has the highest number of circulation with 300 000, followed by the Pilipino Reporter News Magazine, 188 192, and the Woman Today, 184 900. __________________________________________________________ Inquiry, Dissent, and Struggle Javier Flores and Ava Vivian Gonzales Though the Philippine Collegian retains the singular distinction of being the most illustrious campus paper in the country, there is no single Collegian. A rummage through the archives, through pages crumbling with age, reveals an impermanence of its character. There are indeed as many versions of the Collegian as there are batches of writers and students, and passing crises peculiar to different times. Each generation names its own foes. The process of writing, subversive as it is, fords the inter-generational divide. Such exercise puts one upon inquiry, the starting point of advocacy. When one writes, one requires breathing space: the right to dissect any topic under the sun and in the domain of heaven, and the right not to be interfered with in so doing. The practice of interrogating accepted modes of thinking and overturning paradigms breeds criticism of the powers that be. In the Collegians storied past, this criticism, coming at times when to be informed was an offense, was not always welcome. There were issues which came out with white spaces where editorials should have been. Homobono Adaza, then editor in chief (EIC), was removed from office for writing an editorial against the UP Administration. During the Martial Law years, staffers were threatened that they would not graduate if they persisted in  attacking the government. The bright lives of some of its editors: Abraham Sarmiento Jr., Antonio Tagamolila, and Enrique Voltaire Garcia III, among a host of others, were snuffed out. The history of the Collegian is likewise replete with struggles against those who desired to shackle the freedom of writers: the fight against vague provisions on the selection of judges for the editorial exam; the battle to abolish the position of a faculty adviser who had to sign every page proof of the paper; and the endeavor to take care of its own coffers without the Administration holding its finances hostage. Since the birth of Collegian in 1922, generations of writers have dipped their pens into the inkwell of society racked with vicissitudes. The Collegian was a party in their efforts to resolve the varied inequities of the times with articles that seared, and commentaries that burned. It is imperative that we turn the page to remind us of the efforts of those who came before us. Perfection lies not behind us, but ahead of us. It is not a forsaken paradise, but a territory we must one day conquer, a city we must one day build. Nevertheless, it is not a mortal sin to occasionally contemplate the cornerstones that have been placed by those before us to show us what is possible.

National Defense: A Political Perspective Essay -- essays research pap

National Defense: A Political Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The defense of our nation has always been a strong issue throughout America’s political history. Although our nation has not existed a long period of time, our country has had to take up arms to make the world safe for democracy many times. Liberals and conservatives are also constantly up in arms over the issue of the best way to defend the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the foremost issues in the ongoing debate is that of a Ballistic Missile Defense program. The idea was first pitched during the tense period of the Cold War. Colin Powell, a prominent conservative, saw Missile Defense â€Å"at the time the time not as a Utopian dream but as a useful way of throwing a scare into the war planners of the Soviet Union†(Keller, 1). Typically, Republicans as far back as Ronald Reagan have embraced the idea of a â€Å"Shield† against the hostile intentions of any nation with ballistic missiles, but many remain skeptical of a technological dependence that such a system would incur. George W. Bush believes in a limited Missile Defense program, but in order to institute advanced testing of the technology, a way around the A.B.M. treaty would have to be found. This treaty was made in order to reduce the nuclear arsenal of both Russia and the United States. Conservatives generally embrace the program as a viable solution to one of the nation’s top priority’s in homeland defense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ...

Why I Want To Be An Actor

My name is Colby Bean, I was born and raised in maine. I live in a town called Hartland, its a small town so there is really nothing to do, when i was younger I used to play sports but the only one i really got into was basketball but the problem with only playing one sport is that you only play for a few months out of the year. So I decided that I had to find something to do for the seven to eight months that I wasn't playing basketball. So in decided to start watching movies, I started with some classics like The Wizard Of OZ and Back To The Future, among others.Then i moved on to some more modern movies like the first two Spiderman movies, and i remember being really interested in how they made them, lucky for me I had the two disk collectors edition so there was plenty of documentaries and special features so I could watch how the movie was made, from how the did the stunts to the actors audition and then how the actors prepared for the role. At that point in time I decided thats what I want to do when I got older, I wanted to be an actor.From then on I started watching movies every chance I could, I would watch the movie then I would watch how they made it and then i would watch the movie again but this time with the director and cast commentary, so that I could hear first time what they went through to make the movie, hearing how much fun everyone had making the movie made me want to become an actor even more. So at that time I was in 4th grade I think and my school started to do this program in the summer called readers theater.Readers theater for anyone who was in first through fourth grade and it was about two months long and what you did was you worked with everyone to put on a play, and throughout the two months you would build sets, make costumes and create a music score to go along with the play. I remember I could not wait to be a part of it, so i sign up and everyone that goes auditions for a part unless you want to be part of the band, so the pl ay the decided to do is Pandoras Box, so I audition and I get the part of the narrator, I was so happy because the narrator got the most lines and never left the stage.And I had such a fun time doing that but the problem was i would be in fifth grade next year so I couldn't do readers theater again, but I could be a volunteer and help the kids put on the play, kind of a director role which was fun so I did that for 3 years. But the best part of being in middle school was I found out that Mrs. Neal put on a play with the fifth and sixth graders in the beginning of the year. Mrs. Neal was the seventh grade english teacher and the director of the middle school and high school show choirs, but she also was a theater actress who starred in a lot of the plays at lakewood theater.At that time I didn't not know the impact Mrs. Neal would have on me. So my fifth grade year the play that that she was putting on was Pinocchio which made me really happy because I watched that movie a lot when I was little, going on to the audition I knew that since I was pretty much the youngest that I wouldn't get a major part because there was a lot more people who had more experience than me. So when i found out i was cast as The Coachman i was really excited because i knew he was a big part of the story because he owned pleasure island and was responsible for turning Pinocchio and the other boys into donkeys.So after that year i audition for the play that Mrs. Neal put on my sixth grade year which happened to be Alladin and i got a couple of parts in that. But my Seventh grade year i was looking to do something new so i decide to audition for show choirs because I liked musicals and thought it would be like one. So I ended up making that and it was real fun because anything with Mrs. Neal was fun, we ended up taking first in states, which was cool because Mrs. Neal had been getting first for her middle school show choir's for a while, and it made me realize that someday I want to be p art of a musical .I ended up making it the next year as well and we won first again. But during those two years I discovered a movie that would change my look on acting from then on, the movie i discovered was Titanic. Titanic became my favorite movie so I bought the three disk collectors edition which had hours upon hours of how the movie was made and what really got me was the set, I could not believe that the had a scale replica of the titanic built to film and sink it, that made me realize that I wanted to be a film actor, to work on big sets like that and to do my own stunts.So in seventh grade I did my last play and that was about the time I started to care what people thought of me and if they judged me, so I stopped doing plays and drama because those where the kids that everyone made fun of. But when I got to high school I got real nervous because we had to have a fine arts credit and I didn't know what to do because I didn't want to take any of drama classes and I didn't w ant to take art. But at the end of my sophomore year the drama teacher left and he was replaced with Mrs.Neal who would start my junior year, so I decided that I would take acting with her because I loved her classes and I had loved to be in the plays that she did, so I decided why not take acting. So I took her acting course but there was one problem I still cared what people thought about me so when I had to perform stuff in front of our class I would get really nervous and would be up there a really long time before I got started.So the end of the year came and I some how got my credit, I was real relieved that it was over because I wouldnt have to anything like that again. But for some reason I decided to take acting again my senior year, and I don't know what happened that summer but i stopped caring what people thought and when it came time to do things in front of the class I could do it so much easier than the year and I dont know why. But I have a feeling that it was becaus e of Mrs.Neal she always pushed everyone to do better and to take risks, and I feel like without Mrs. Neal I wouldn't be applying to get my bachelors in acting for film, I would just be someone with a dream of being actor who never tried to make my dream come true. I really don't know what I would do if I never got the courage to try and this make my dream happen because this is the only job that has ever appealed to me everything else just seems boring compared to the thrill of acting. So I really hope you consider me for acceptance.

The Man Who Loved Flowers

Thomas Mahoney 2-15-13 ENG 112 The Man Who Loved Flowers This story starts out in a very peaceful innocent setting, in New York City. There is a sense of love in the air, and the smell of spring. There is a man walking along the streets in a gray streets turning everyones attention because then can tell he is happy and in love. This story takes place in May of 1963 right before the summer starts. Stephen King is extremely descriptive in the story with the man's appearance; â€Å"He had that look about him.He was dressed in a light grey suit, the narrow tie pulled down a little, his top collar button undone. His hair was dark and cut short. His complexion was fair, his eyes a light blue. Not an extraordinary face, but on this soft spring evening, on this avenue, in May of 1963, he was beautiful†(King) The interesting thing about this story is how it seems so beautiful and peaceful, but draws a thin line with insanity.The first sense of something being wrong in the story is when the man goes to buy flowers, and there is a radio playing a news program talking about a hammer murder that was on the loose, but this is immediately dismissed because everything seems so perfect in the moment. As the man walks away he hesitates and touches something in his pocket, which foreshadows what could happen later in the story. â€Å"The young man passed the flower-stand and the sound of the bad news faded. He hesitated, looked over his shoulder, and thought it over.He reached into his coat pocket and touched the something in there again. For a moment his face seemed puzzled, lonely, almost haunted, and then, as his hand left the pocket, it regained its former expression of eager expectation. â€Å"(King) The imagery in this story is so beautiful and down to earth for almost the whole story, until it becomes dark and depressing at the end. King goes from writing about flowers, the beautiful spring weather, love being in the air, kids loving life and playing, to a hammer, blood everywhere, dark alleys, creepy vibes, and a presence of death.When the story turns from afternoon to night is when the man goes to visit Norma, the love of his life. This is when the story turns dark. They grow close together, and the closer they get, he realizes that the woman is not Norma, in fact, Norma had been dead for Ten years. He handed her the flowers though and she denied him and gave them back. She thanks him and begins to explains that she is not Norma, but he cuts her off mid sentence and whispers â€Å"Norma†(King)as he pulls the hammer out of his pocket. This gives an extremely creepy mood to the story abruptly. She backed away, her face a round white blur, her mouth an opening black 0 of terror, and she wasn't Norma, Norma was dead, she had been dead for ten years, and it didn't matter because she was going to scream and he swung the hammer to stop the scream, to kill the scream, and he swung the hammer the spill of flowers fell out of his hand, the sp ill spilled and broke open, spilling red, white, and yellow tea roses beside the dented trash cans where the cats made alien love in the dark, screaming in love, screaming, screaming. (King) King brings up how hard it is to love to the reader during this part of the story by being extremely descriptive and frightening. He shows how hard life is to move on once you're in love and then you lose the one love. This is one of the hardest things for people to deal with in life. The name of the character is revealed at the end of the story, King calls him â€Å"Love†. He presents the idea that love makes you do insane things that you would never do if you weren't in love, and it can take over you're personality and change your life.At this point in the story, King confuses the reader by making them realize how misleading the story was from the beginning. It gives a sense of the unknown to the reader and leaves them questioning how it went from being so positive to negative in a matt er of seconds. There are some small hints that he foreshadows in the beginning of the story but nothing too evident. â€Å"His own smile trembled a little, and he felt a moment's disquiet. Her face over the sailor blouse suddenly seemed blurred. It was getting darker now. . . could he have been mistaken?Surely not. It was Norma. â€Å"(King) It is a crazy and unexpected change of events when it goes from having the reader believe that it is a typical friendly man that is in love, and all the sudden the reader discovers he was the hammer murderer. That's what makes this a great story because it is so misleading at first. King is so creative in the way he makes you think when you are reading the story, he knows how to get inside the readers head and really make them think about the thin line between fear and love, and how easily that line is broken. None of it seemed real, none of it seemed to matter. The air was soft and sweet. Two men with beer bellies stood outside a bakery, pitc hing nickels and ribbing each other. Spring trembled on the edge of summer, and in the city, summer is the season of dreams. â€Å"(King) It would take a genius to predict that the man in the beginning of the story ended up being a killer at the end, it is hard to even believe. it makes you think that anyone you see walking on the street could be a killer like that, and you would never know.The fact that King doesn't provide the main character with a name further proves the point that and unsuspecting person could be a cold hearted killer. This is another reason King is such a great writer, he is so clever with the way he tells his stories and all of the minor details he provides. He creates a character that seems to be a typical everyday male that is in love with a girl, but underneath that he is a murderer. This brings me back the my thesis of how thin the line between love and insanity is.I love the way the mood suddenly switches and smoothly King makes the transition into a dar k frightening story. â€Å"His name was love, and he walked these dark streets because Norma was waiting for him. And he would find her. Some day soon. He began to smile. A bounce came into his step as he walked on down Seventy-third Street. A middle-aged married couple sitting on the steps of their building watched him go by, head cocked, eyes afar away, a half-smile on his lips. when he had passed by the woman said, ‘How come you never look that way any more?Huh? , ‘Nothing,' she said, but she watched the young man in the grey suit disappear into the gloom of the encroaching night and thought that if there was anything more beautiful than springtime, it was young love. â€Å"(King) This is a great way to end the story because it presents the reader with a sense of hope, and brings back the sense of beauty that started the story. King is a writer unlike any other, he makes the reader think in ways that make them question there own life.

My Feelings on Racial Relationships †English Essay

My Feelings on Racial Relationships – English Essay Free Online Research Papers Each person should have someone special in their life to share the moments of pure jopy and the moments of pain. If that person so happens to be of another race, so be it.. Never should nationaility, creed, or race effect how a person is viewed by the public. Most people who are in interracial relationships are often scrutinized and judged harsher than their counterparts who are in a relationship with someone of the same race. It is still typical for a person to look at an interracial couple a being of a lesser love because of two different race intertwining to form one whole. You should never be judged for who you love or who you fall for albeit if they are black, white, indian, puerto rican or any other nationality. Many times we see interracial couples and think nothing of it. We see they are happy and we keep moving on with our lives. Rarely do we stand and think about the harsh punishment that the couple has had to endure and withstand just to be with the person they love. You may see a happy couple but someone else may see a couple who is doing wrong and has to be ridiculed. Many times people are publicly embarassed or has to endure their friends and family whispering each time they bring their mate around. This is typical in the south where some racial hatred has yet to die down. Interracial couples are poked fun at while having much of their happiness taken away by those who wish the reltionship would end. Research Papers on My Feelings on Racial Relationships - English EssayCapital PunishmentHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetThree Concepts of PsychodynamicComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtThe Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings

Working From Home in a Scientific Career

Working From Home in a Scientific Career What work-from-home opportunities are available in the sciences? Can you transition back into a conventional workplace after being at home? How does working at home impact your finances? There are many ways to work from home in a scientific career field, and answers to all your questions about it. Ways to Work Remotely Freelance writers are self-employed. You might seek a single contract with a particular company or you might look for multiple smaller jobs. Some writers put up notices at schools to write or type papers. Scientists who can write well often help other scientists write articles or prepare proposals. Editorial positions may also be available for scientifically-trained professionals. Many scientists can make the transition to technical writer. Some technical writers have regular employment and others are self-employed. People in this position write user manuals, document safety information, prepare annotated bibliographies, and create similar technical materials. There are many possibilities for telecommuting work in the sciences. There is a market for internet research, literature searches, and more. Some consultants review research plans and professional papers for their scientific merit, as well as give editorial advice. Not everything that can be done at work can be done at home, but many things can. Think about the position you have (or want) and list duties that can be performed at home. Some employers that dont offer telecommuting work may be receptive to the idea, providing you can present a case for this form of employment in a rational manner. It helps if you can increase productivity or decrease costs to the company in your proposal. Thanks to the internet, it is possible to teach without entering a traditional classroom. To find these positions, check out school websites for open positions. Tutoring is usually a part-time position, and some tutors help students in their own home. Check local newspapers and bulletin boards at schools to find jobs. You can call or schedule an appointment with the academic assistance offices at schools to explore unadvertised opportunities. Some companies also hire tutors to help employees in continuing education. As you might imagine, there are certain limitations to doing science at home. The most notable problems are associated with safety, security, and finances. However, if you are creative, its possible to engage in science and engineering from home. If you are a theorist or do computer modeling, you have some excellent options. If you want an affiliation with a corporation or institution, team up with a local school or business. Joining a professional organization is always a good idea, too. You can be an entrepreneur in any field, including science. You can be self-employed without being an entrepreneur, but some of the most attractive employment prospects may result from a start-up venture. Search for work at home jobs. If you have particular skills, for example, with graphics programs, programming, or photography, there may be other positions that will appeal to you. What You Will Need If you work out of your home, you will need to demonstrate the following traits: Self-motivation is the key to success at working from home. When you work from home, you have tasks to complete with a relatively open timeframe for completion. You must be able to motivate yourself to do all of the things you need to do. If you do choose to work at home, be aware there will be times when your self-motivation will flag. Its natural, but you must be able to overcome it.Fortunately, physical organization isnt the same as being neat. However, if you are working from home, you will need to establish good record-keeping procedures and keep your files (whether hard copies or on a computer) within some organizational structure.For most at-home jobs, there is no immediate supervisor handing down priorities, so you will need to determine what needs to be done and how to do it, and then get it done.Its much harder to leave it at the workplace when the workplace is also home. Some people set aside a separate room for work (which has benefits regarding taxes), whereas others hav e less structured divisions between home and work. Some people set strict office hours. Some people have separate computers for work and recreation. Its important to make some sort of division or at least a comfortable integration. Otherwise, youll risk job burnout or else never get tasks completed. Other Issues Most people who work at home dont make a permanent transition. Keep an eye on how your work-from-home experience can be written up in your resume or vitae. When possible, maintain subscriptions to professional and trade journals or visit a library that carries them. Attend meetings and conferences, take classes, write papers, and build up concrete evidence that you are continuing your education and expanding your professional skills. You want to maintain business contacts, so keep up with your correspondence. While many self-employed positions pay less than conventional employment, you may find that you save money on clothes, transportation, and food. You may be able to deduct home office expenses. There are more options than ever before to get health insurance and other benefits as a self-employed person.

History of New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of New York City - Essay Example Most of the names drawn were that of Irish people, whose opposition to the Civil War became all the more pronounced in 1863. The blacks were exempted from this enlistment. This is what triggered the Draft Riots in 1863. The Irish men foresaw the 'freeing of slaves' as detrimental to their work, position and power. The liberated slaves of the south would now occupy the northern markets as cheap labor and take the place of the Irish men. This was one of the major factors, which made the Irish anti-abolitionists. The violent Irish would do anything to safeguard their low wage jobs. New York was the epicenter of the Draft Riots in the year 1863. (Burrows and Wallace, 883). The angry rioters burnt down several buildings on the Third Avenue, Lexington Avenue and 52nd Street. The violent outbursts affected the businesses and properties of many. The attack on the Steinways & Son factory was one such case, which is hardly dwelt upon in previous accounts of the Draft Riots. An Irish settlement near Central Park was burnt down. Fighting continued into the next day on the 1st and 2nd Avenues and 21st street. Some vehicles were seen on the road. A few shops also resumed their services. A large military unit comprising 6000 soldiers combined with a thunderstorm weakened the force of the rioters to a great extent. Peace was restored on July 17th with a speech by the Archbishop Hughes's to mark the occasion. The death toll estimated was approximately 119 and 195 were reported injured. Steinway & son The mass migration which took place in the 19th century saw a major inflow of people from European countries to New York and the United States of America. One such family was that of Steinways. (Steinway: Immigration, Family Business, Neighborhood. A New York Story, 2001). The Zollverein was formed in 1834 to encourage free trade. Most of the German states joined the Zollverein. Owing to tariffs on iron and textile goods, the north-western German states refrained from joining. This hit the Steinways (known as Steinweg then) and other manufacturers hard, as they were required to pay heavy duties for transporting their goods to the north. In the middle of the 1850's, the infected potato crop in Ireland had a disastrous impact on German crops. Agricultural decline, agitation, and a poor economy led many Germans to seek for better opportunities in America. (Lieberman, 35-37) With stricter regulations on trade, the piano making business of the Steinways suffered much and they decided to leave their village Seesen in Germany for America. Charles, one of the sons of Henry E. Steinway, left for America in 1849. With trade and business becoming all the more difficult and the failed February Revolution of 1848, in which Charles participated, the decision to leave for America became indispensable. (Ehrlich, 48) The development of various shipping companies and cheaper travel fares in the 19th century had brought many people to America. A cultural and manufacturing hub of America, New York attracted many immigrants, amongst which Steinway's family deserves special mention. A leading center of piano production, New York held a lot of promise for the Steinways. This was the

Application to Use Human Research Subjects Essay

Application to Use Human Research Subjects - Essay Example   Name and Title Dept. Phone, E-mail address 3. Non-key personnel:   Name and Title Dept. Phone, E-mail address 7. Consultants:   Name and Title Dept. Phone, E-mail address 8. The principal investigator agrees to carry out the proposed project as stated in the application and to promptly report to the Human Subjects Committee any proposed changes and/or unanticipated problems involving risks to subjects or others participating in approved project in accordance with the Liberty Way and the Confidentiality Statement. The principal investigator has access to copies of 45 CFR 46 and the Belmont Report. The principal investigator agrees to inform the Human Subjects Committee and complete all necessary reports should the principal investigator terminate association with the University. Additionally s/he agrees to maintain records and keep informed consent documents for three years after completion of the project even if the principal investigator terminates association with the University. ___________________________________ _________________________________________ Principal Investigator Signature Date ___________________________________ _________________________________________ Faculty Sponsor (If applicable) Date Submit the original request to: Liberty University Institutional Review Board, CN Suite 1582, 1971 University Blvd., Lynchburg, VA 24502. Submit also via email to irb@liberty.edu APPLICATION TO USE HUMAN RESEARCH SUBJECTS 10. This project will be conducted at the following location(s): (please indicate city & state)  Liberty University Campus X Other (Specify): Charlottesville High School: Charlottesville, Virginia 11. This project will involve the following subject types: (check-mark types to be studied) X Normal Volunteers (Age 18-65)  Subjects Incapable Of Giving Consent  In Patients  Prisoners Or Institutionalized Individuals  Out Patients X Minors (Under Age 18)  Patient Controls  Over Age 65  Fetuses  University Students (PSYC De pt. subject pool __)  Cognitively Disabled  Other Potentially Elevated Risk Populations______  Physically Disabled __________________________________________  Pregnant Women Subjects Incapable of Giving Consent. 12. Do you intend to use LU students, staff or faculty as participants in your study? If you do not intend to use LU participants in your study, please check â€Å"no† and proceed directly to item 13. YES  NO X If â€Å"Yes†, please list the department and/or classes you hope to enlist and the number of participants you would like to enroll.  In order to process your request to use LU subjects, we must ensure that you have contacted the appropriate department and gained permission to collect data from them. Signature of Department Chair: ___________________________________ ____________________________ Department Chair Signature(s) Date 13. Estimated number of subjects to be enrolled in this protocol: ___15-25____________ 14. Does this project call for: ( check-mark all that apply to this study) X Use of Voice, Video, Digital, or Image Recordings?  Subject Compensation? Patients $ Volunteers $ Participant Payment Disclosure Form  Advertising For Subjects?  More Than Minimal Risk?  More Than Minimal Psychological Stress?  Alcohol Consumption? X Confidential Material (questionnaires, photos, etc.)?  Waiver of Informed Consent?  Extra Costs To The Subjects (tests, hospitalization, etc.)?  VO2 Max Exercise?

Stat project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Stat - Statistics Project Example it the economic performance of the country. The contribution of different industry sectors of the country when combined together then creates the cumulative production level or the productivity of the economy. The gross productivity of all the sectors of the country by the residents of the country is referred to as the gross domestic product. The gross domestic product is represented in terms of absolute values or numbers, which may create difficulty in evaluating the performance of the country. Therefore, other mathematical as well as statistical methods can be used for the purpose of analysis. The most common indicator of the performance of the country is the GDP growth rate per year. The growth rate can be calculated using the periodic change in the production level of the economy in terms of percentage change. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the performance of the economy of Saudi Arabia in terms of its GDP growth rate along with the impacts of exports and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) on GDP growth rates. The GDP of Saudi Arabia is assumed to be one of the most important economies for the Muslim World, as well as, for the western world because it is oil based economy. The influence of the Govt is significant with respect to controlling major economic activities. Saudi Arabia contributes around 18 to 20% of the world petroleum reserves. It is assumed to be one of the largest exporters of petroleum. Therefore, the study of the economy, as well as, the interests of the investors towards such a profitable economy seems interesting. Moreover, another reason for the selection of the topic is the study of relationship of foreign direct investment, exports and GDP together. Therefore, the whole study is based on the literature review on the economy of Saudi Arabia and the statistical analysis using the regression model to evaluate the impacts of Foreign Direct Investment and Exports on GDP. There are different

Benefits of Breastfeeding and Stages of Child Feeding

Benefits of Breastfeeding and Stages of Child Feeding Breastfeeding is the oldest method of feeding a child and has existed since the beginning of time. Most of the mothers received advice on the methods of feeding their infants and it comes from a variety of different sources like relatives or their mothers, health professionals, friends, books, magazines and baby food manufacturers. Similar findings were reported by Worsfold (1996). It is found to confer several advantages to both the breastfed child and his mother. This is in line with the study by Gartner et al. (2005). 98.0% of mothers knew about the importance of breast-feeding. The most prominent benefit identified by 92.6% of mothers were protection of the baby from diseases as stated by Duggan et al. (1990) and Berg et al. (1984). 23.4% who found it to be economical and this matches the study by Duggan et al. (1990) and NRDC (2005). 8.5% of mothers concluded that breastfeeding protects the baby from childhood obesity as suggested by Cook et al. (2003) compared to the study by Clifford (2003) who did not find any association between them. Also, 8.5% of mothers agreed that breastfeeding prevents the mother from gaining weight. This is explained by the fact that during lactation, many calories are spent to produce milk as mentioned by NRDC (2005) and Brudenell et al. (1995). It can be seen that mothers in Mauritius had a good knowledge on the beneficial aspe cts of breastfeeding. Therefore mothers will try their best to breastfeed their child. This will not only provide adequate nutrition to their child but also some beneficial health effects to the breastfeeding mothers. Out of those 98 mothers who said that breastfeeding is important, 90 breastfed their child. However, all those who said that breastfeeding is not important breastfed their child. Those eight mothers who could not breastfeed their baby despite being aware of its benefits reported that they were either drug addicts, HIV positive or their baby was adopted. A study by Ashworth (2005) reported that the HIV virus can be passed from an HIV-infected mother to her baby, known as mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). This study also suggested that one in every 20 babies will become infected if breast-fed for six months while three in every 20 will become infected if breast-feeding continues for two years. Breast milk substitutes and their hazards Breast milk substitutes are alternatives to breast milk. They include powdered or liquid milks or formula, wet-nurses and exclude therapeutic formulas used under medical supervision (USAID, 2006). 82.0% of mothers knew about the hazards associated with breast milk substitutes. 61.0% of mothers reported diarrhea as the utmost hazard which does not tally with the study by Fein § et al. (1997). The second hazard mentioned by 48.8% mothers was severe abdominal pain. 41.5% of mothers stated that vomiting was associated with the use of breast milk substitutes as researched by Dugdale and Eaton-Evans (1987). Allergy and childhood obesity were reported by only 31.7% of 7.3% of mothers respectively. These show that the mothers were very much aware of the hazards associated with breast milk substitutes. Mother would probably try to limit the use of breast milk substitutes as much as possible by taking into account the hazards associated with them. In this way, breastfeeding will be promoted leading to an improved health status of the children of Mauritius. However, for mothers who cannot or choose not to breastfeed for genuine and valid reasons, the use of breast milk substitutes may still be considered as a safe choice. Colostrum Colostrum is the yellowish, sticky breast milk produced at the end of pregnancy (WHO, 2010). 78.0% of mothers knew about colostrum. 72.5% of mothers correctly rightly defined it as the precursor to breast milk while 78.0% 0f mothers correctly described its appearance as a sticky pale yellow liquid. This shows that Mauritian mothers knew that colostrum is the first milk produced just after delivery and was able to describe it properly. 4.2 BREASTFEEDING PRACTICES Initiation of breastfeeding 47.3% of mothers breastfed their child in less than one hour after birth as recommended by the WHO (2010) and USAID (2006) while some breastfed their child after several days. A 22% reduction in neonatal mortality was seen in rural Ghana if breastfeeding is started within the first hour after birth (Edmond et al., 2006). It was also found that early initiation of breastfeeding builds on the babys innate reflexes and babies who start breastfeeding at this time continue to breastfeed exclusively thus adopting optimal feeding. The mothers body produces the hormone while enhancing the flow of milk. The mothers commensal (normal) bacteria start colonizing the babys skin and gut thereby protecting the baby against the harmful bacteria in the environment. During this time, the baby is calmer, is in an alert state with stable breathing and heart rate. Early initiation of breastfeeding has also been shown to help reduce post-partum bleeding, a major cause of maternal mortality in developing c ountries (IBFAN-Asia, 2007). In light of these studies, mothers should be advised and encouraged to breastfeed their baby just after birth or in less than one hour after birth. 66 mothers claimed that breastfeeding must be initiated in less than one hour after birth but unfortunately only 39 of them practised it. The main barriers associated with late initiation of breastfeeding in cesarean section deliveries were the adverse effects of anesthesia on mother-infant pairs, maternal discomfort and delayed onset of lactation as stated by Emel. (2010). Exclusive breastfeeding 36.8% of mothers rightly carried out exclusive breastfeeding for six months. Exclusive breastfeeding was found to contribute to protection against common infections during infancy and to lessen the frequency and severity of infectious episodes while partial breastfeeding did not seem to provide this protective effect and this was confirmed in a research by Galanakis et al. (2010). Unfortunately very few Mauritian mothers did exclusive breastfeeding for six months. This implies that mothers introduced breast milk substitutes like for example infant formula or food items earlier in the babys diet. Stopping breast-feeding before four months and introducing solid foods were associated with overweight and obesity at three years old as reported in a study by Hawkins et al. (2009). Formula-fed babies show quicker growth rates than breast-fed babies and seem to be at a greater risk of obesity as they progress into childhood. This could be explained by arguing that a breast-fed infant has mor e control over the rate of feeding and the timing of the end of feeding while bottle-fed infant might feel pressured to take in more feed due to being led by a parent to finish the bottle as stated by Ebbeling et al. (2002). Among 51 mothers who knew that exclusive breastfeeding must be carried out for six months, only 28 of them did so. The major reason reported by mothers was insufficient milk production which was in line with the study by Petit (2008). A small group of mothers thought that breast milk did not satisfy their baby as it is easily digested as stated by Maeda et al. (2001) and that infant formula would prevent their baby from getting hungry more often. Some mothers stopped breastfeeding before six months due to fatigue, backache, nipples infection, child refuses to suckle or simply due to the easy availability of breast milk substitutes on the market. Others wanted their baby to get used to infant milk so that they can leave their baby with some family members when they had to go out or had to resume work. Complete breastfeeding 22.3% of mothers carried out breastfeeding for up to two years which shows that only a minority of mothers practiced breastfeeding for two years. However, the data showed that 17.0% of mothers carried out breastfeeding for eighteen months, 12.8% for twelve months followed by 11.7% for three months only. This was explained in terms of several reasons like inadequate amount of milk produced and baby was not receiving enough milk. Some mothers stopped breastfeeding as they wanted to get pregnant again and for aesthetic reasons. Those who work reported that they did not get breastfeeding time. Others mentioned that their infants have lost interest in nursing and their husbands had negative opinions on breastfeeding. Among the respondents, few mothers stopped breastfeeding as they had sore nipples. Others were under medication and were advised by doctors to stop breastfeeding. Certain mothers found it difficult to breastfeed their baby when they had to go out and found it more convenient to use infant formula in public places. A study claimed that the leading reason why mothers stopped breastfeeding was insufficient amount of milk produced (Hussain, 2003). Most Mauritian mothers did not breastfeed their child for two years for several reasons and this would probably had adverse health effect on the child with a reduced beneficial effect of breastfeeding to the mother herself. Weaning Weaning is the process of expanding the diet of the infant to include foods and drinks other than mothers or formula milk, to enable them to meet the extra nutritional needs for rapid growth and development (DOH, 1994).The weaning period is a crucial stage in the growth and development of the infant and child. The timing of weaning, the choice of foods, their methods of preparation, and how weanlings are fed, all affect the outcome46.5% of mothers introduced supplemental feed at six months of age. 93.0% of them introduced infant formula while others introduced mostly solid foods. It can also be seen that 29.4% of mothers started weaning before six months compared with 18.1% of mothers who began it after six months. The introduction of solid foods before 3 to 4 months were found to be associated with increased fatness and wheeze later in childhood, with an increased risk of allergy, and with higher rates of coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes in infants while the European Food Safety Authoritys panel on dietetic products, nutrition, and allergies concluded that for infants across the EU, complementary foods may be introduced safely between four to six months, and six months of exclusive breast feeding may not always provide sufficient nutrition for optimal growth and development as shown by Booth et al. (2011). Out of those 58 mothers who knew that supplemental food must be introduced at six months, 42 rightly introduced it in the babys diet at this age. At around 6-9 months changes occur in babies mouths that help them cope with the change from drinking to eating. Babies younger than this may be more at risk of choking on solid foods. For parents, leaving solid foods until around six months means less time spent preparing smooth purà ©es as babies can then cope with finger foods and lumpy foods more quickly and also fewer smelly nappies. Mothers who encourage their babies to help themselves to solid foods (an approach called baby-led weaning), rather than spoon-feeding them, say that this makes introducing solids an easier, more enjoyable and sociable experience. If breastfeeding is being continued to six months or more implies that your baby receives more antibodies and other protective factors. Giving only breast milk also means your baby is less exposed to harmful bacteria. Babies are more likely than adults to develop diarrhea and vomiting from such exposure as they have less acid in their stomachs. Early weaning is not convenient as babies do not actually produce all the enzymes needed to digest food thoroughly until they are about a year old. Under four months, any foods other than milk could put strain on the babys kidneys and the larger molecules in food are more likely to trigger an allergy. Although a baby given solids early may appear fine at the time, there are increased risks of eczema, wheezing and chest infections in childhood as suggested by NCT (2008). Others factors affecting weaning may include young maternal age, low maternal education, low socioeconomic status, absence or short duration of breastfeeding, maternal smoking, and lack of information or advice from health care in compliance with the study by Lakshman et al. (2009). Preparation of babys food at home and Use of ready-made pots 99.0% of mothers were preparing their babys food at home with 53.0% of mothers not using ready-made pots at all. This implied that among the 99.0% of mothers who were preparing their babys food at home, 40.0% of them were using ready-made pots in parallel as mothers found the cost of ready-made pots high. But due to its availability and convenience for babies, mothers tried to buy them for some meals. Therefore mothers would prepare one meal and use pots for others. Moreover, 29.4% mothers were using ready-made pots everyday while 30.4% claimed to use them rarely. The reasons for using ready-made pots rarely were due to their unaffordable price to some parents, unacceptable taste by babies, had to resume work, low freshness and less nutritious compared to ready-made pots. Mothers who prepared their babys food at home were mostly unemployed. Practice of exclusive breastfeeding and weight classification of children and BMI classification of children 35 children were exclusively breastfed for six months. From the findings, it can be seen that most of them (19) had a healthy weight represented by a percentile range which lies between 5th percentiles to less than the 85th percentile as mentioned by the CDC (2011). Also, most children had a weight of more than twice their birth weight at six months. This implied that the childs weight doubled between four to six months which tallied with the study by Mahan and Escott-Stump (2008). This indicted that exclusive breastfeeding for duration of six months did prevent excessive weight gain in children thereby protecting the children against childhood obesity. Practice on complete duration of breastfeeding with BMI classification of children Among the 21 children who were breastfed for two years, most of them had a healthy weight represented by a percentile range which lies between 5th percentiles to less than the 85th percentile. This showed that breastfeeding for two years prevents childhood obesity. However, some of the children were underweight as classified with a percentile range of less than 5th percentile. This could be explained by the fact that mothers wrongly timed the introduction of food in the babys diet or the amount and type of food given to the baby was not correct. Practice on age at which weaning started with BMI classification of children 31 children out of those 46 children who were weaned at six months had a healthy weight classified by a percentile range between 5th percentiles to less than the 85th percentile. This demonstrates that weaning at the right time prevent excessive gain of weight by children thereby preventing them from becoming obese. It was also seen that despite some mothers rightly introduced supplemental food in the babys diet, the baby was overweight as she was not breastfed. 4.3 AGE OF INTRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC FOOD ITEMS The WHO (2011) recommends that infants start receiving complementary foods at 6 months of age in addition to breast milk, initially 2-3 times a day between 6-8 months, increasing to 3-4 times daily between 9-11 months and 12-24 months with additional nutritious snacks offered 1-2 times per day, as desired. The main items that were introduced early were cow milk, mashed fruits, fresh vegetables and mashed vegetables. 61.1% of mothers introduced cows milk before 8 to 9 months as reported by CHW (2008). This was a bad practice as early introduction of cows milk is associated with an increased risk of developing Type-1 diabetes afterwards and a protein in cows milk was responsible in causing an unusual immune response as stated by Goldfarb (2008). Also, early introduction of cows milk and infant formula increases the frequency of atopic dermatitis, cow milk allergy, and wheezing in early childhood which is in line with a study by Burks et al. (2008) and IDACE (2005). Fortunately the majority of mothers (49.0%) rightly introduced infant formula in their babys diet at 6 months. Mothers introduced eggs irrespective of whether it is egg yolk, white egg or whole egg at around 9- 12 months as stated by ADC (2005) to prevent allergies. However, a study by Koplin et al. (2010) showed that introduction of cooked egg at 4-6 months of age does not increase the risk of egg allergy but can rather protect against its development. Bread was introduced earlier than recommended by 37.0% of mothers which is a bad practice. Bread is a starchy food and consists of sugars. Therefore, early introduction bread in a childs diet may lead to unusual weight gain in children. With time, the child may become overweight and obese. Research showed that overweight and obesity in children in most cases turned out to be obese adults which elevates the risk of diseases like heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and breathing problems as stated by AACAP (2010). Meat was introduced early by 40.8% of mothers. Meat is rich in saturated fats which is stored in the childs body. The digestive system of the child is affected and with time, the walls of the arteries may thicken leading to atherosclerosis together with many other chronic diseases. 20.0% of others introduced salty snacks earlier than recommended in their babys diet. Excessive salt consumption leads to storage of water in the body and affects the normal functioning of the digestive system. Afterwards, this person is more likely to suffer from high blood pressure and others health related problems. The main reason claimed by mothers for the introduction of milk and milk products were mainly as a source of calcium for the child. Other reasons include strength of bones and teeth, proper growth and development of the child. Eggs were given to children as a source of vitamin D, protein and to test for allergies. Cereal and cereal products were given as a source of carbohydrate to provide the child with adequate amount of energy to carry out his daily activities and for basal metabolism. Meat and meat products were given mostly as a source of protein and to vary the type of food the child consumes. Sweet and salty biscuits were given to children as snacks usually at tea time with a glass of milk to prevent the child from being over hungry at dinner time thereby preventing overconsumption of nutrients during the meal. The purpose of inserting fruits and vegetables in the diet is to provide the child with all the essential vitamins and to prevent constipation and other health problems related to malnutrition. Ice cream was rarely given as a dessert while custard was given to the child when he could not eat normal meals or during illnesses. With respect to my study, no problem was encountered with children. However, some children may be allergic to eggs, some specific brands of infant formula or fish while some children may suffer from cold while eating ice cream. 4.4 DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL BMI OF THE CHILDREN The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a number calculated from a childs weight and height and is used to assess obesity (CDC, 2011). The BMI of the children ranges from 12.82 to 21.33. These values were plugged on the body mass index-for-age percentiles to determine the percentile curve to which the childrens BMI tally with. Using this percentile and the data in Table 2, it can be easily seen whether the child is underweight, has a healthy weight, is overweight or is obese. The majority of children had a healthy weight compared to a small majority of children being underweight, overweight and obese. Therefore, it can be concluded that most Mauritian children had an ideal weight. 4.5 WEIGHT EVOLUTION OF CHILDREN Most children had a weight of more than twice their birth weight at six months and thrice their birth weight at twelve months. This implied that the childs weight doubled between four to six months and tripled at one year which tallied with the study by Mahan and Escott-Stump (2008). This showed that exclusive breastfeeding for six months, introduction of supplemental food at six months with continued breastfeeding till two years enable the proper growth and development of the child by preventing excess weight gain by the baby. In some cases, the childrens weight did not double at six months as they were ill and lost some weight during that period. Some children whose weights were more than thrice their birth weight were not properly breastfed. That is why their weights were higher than thrice their birth weight even though supplemental food was introduced at the right time. 4.6 CONCLUSION Breastfeeding is and will always remain the best way of feeding a child. Children who were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and were given supplemental food at this age with continued breastfeeding till 2 years were found to grow properly with a healthy weight. It was also found that those children who were not breast fed as recommended probably gained more weight despite the fact that supplemental food was introduced at the right time. Therefore, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months with the right age of introduction of complementary food in the babys diet together with prolonged breastfeeding till 2 years old is essential for the proper growth and development of a child. Mothers should be given knowledge on breastfeeding so that they can practice it in a more effective manner. 4.7 RECOMMENDATIONS Breastfeeding must be initiated within the first hour after birth. Exclusive breastfeeding should be carried out for the first six months with continued breastfeeding for two years or more, together with safe, nutritionally adequate, age appropriate, responsive complementary feeding starting in the sixth month. Mothers should be informed about the advantages of breastfeeding to both their baby and themselves Medical staffs should make mothers aware of the hazards associated with breast milk substitutes and its consequences, which may arise afterwards throughout the babys life. The weight of children must be controlled regularly to ensure that the child is growing properly i.e. to see if his weight doubles at 4-6 months and triple at around 12 months. HIV mothers must not breastfeed their child to prevent the Mother To Child Transmission (MTCT) of the virus. Advice must be given to mothers regarding the preparation of babys food at home and ready-made pots available for babies so that babies can be given more hygienic and nutritious food.

Creating own signature for use in web :: essays research papers

In this tutorial I will show you how to make a custom user bar. I will be making a Photshop CS user bar. 1) Make a new document with sizes widht: 350 height: 19 with a transparent background. 2) Make a suitable gradient and apply it. 3) Now get a logo, when I usually search for images i use Google Images, find your logo and open it up in Photoshop. 4) Now it's time to remove your logo from the background, get the polygonal lasso tool and carefully cut it out. 5) Now go to Edit > Copy, then open the user bar document (the one where you applied a gradient), then create a new layer and go to Edit > Paste. 6) Now with this layer selected go to Edit > Transform > Scale and resize your logo or reposition it if you wish. 7) Now right click on the layer and select Blending Options and give it a little outer glow with these settings: 8) Now make a new layer and get the Elliptical Marquee Tool and drag it from about point 1 to point 2. 9) Now get the Gradient Tool and use these settings: and now drag it vertical from point 1 to point 2: 10) And now you have a nice light effect, create a new layer and fill it with a 45 degree scanline with opacity from 10% - 15% if you don't have a 45 degree scanline make a new document with dimensions 3x3 with a transparent background and do a maximum zoom, now get the pen tool (make shure your color is set to black) and draw what I've done in this picture: When you are done go to Edit > Define Pattern and name it what you want and click ok. Now you can close this document because the pattern is permanently saved in Photoshop. Here is what you should have so far: 11) Now it's time to put some text, I will use font Visitor which you can get from this link: http://dafont.

Ms. Valerie H Scott

Leader as Communicator August 24, 2014 While reflecting on my life experiences and how they have shaped or influenced my behaviors and attitudes, I must refer back to the life experiences of Howard Schultz, because ironically we share the same values that were a result of our similar life experiences. My father died when I was 11 months old soon to turn a year, therefore, I was raised by my mother, who chose never to remarry out of concern for re two younger daughters me and my sister, Peggy, who is six years older than I.We have an older sister who had long be married and raising her own family. My mother is a single uneducated parent raising two girls alone doing the best that she could to â€Å"make ends meet. † She did domestic work in an orphanage home for years and later landed a Job in the dietary department of a local Nursing Home in our hometown as a cook. Needless to say, the monies that my mother earned were minimum and as a result we were always struggling financia lly. There was hardly enough money for the bare necessities such as food and the other basic needs that are required for daily survival.Always feeling put down because I had less than other children who I thought had it all, I became determined in my heart that if I was ever given an opportunity to make a difference in the world, that I would become a nurturer of humanity. I believe strongly in humanity and human relations and that every person should be treated with dignity and respect and I have diligently remained true to this core value that I have held in my heart for years. It is a guiding force in my life along with my relationship with Christ.Like Howard Schultz, I adopted the of never leaving anyone behind† which has become a motivating factor in the way that I purpose to treat every person that crosses my past in my Journey on this earth. I am compelled to help people see their value through the eyes of God and to embrace this reality as their true identity. Accordin g to Terry Pearce in Leading Out Loud, there is a rare group of people that are willing and able to communicate with others using the raw eternal of their own conviction. Clearly, these leaders were courageous enough to communicate authentically from the basis of their real values, whether they were giving speeches, advocating a cause, writing memos, or conversing informally (p. 18). He further adds in his article, Communicate from the Inside Out, â€Å"Discovering what matters is the first and most critical piece of leadership development. † According to Pearce by have an understanding of defining moments in one's life facilitates an understanding of the values and experiences makes them care about their performance and the performance of the people they lead.

Billing system Essay

The Information Flow Model (IFM) is used to understand the sources and destination of information flow, which is required to execute the business process as shown in Figure 3.5. In IFM, information or data generators and processors are brought together to explain the flow. This could be documents, e-mail, or voicemail. The contents of the flow could be text, images, or diagrams. The purpose of the flow is to take the process further to its logical conclusion. For example, a customer order is to be processed for delivery or to be rejected, and necessary data or information input has to be provided progressively in the process. IFM is generally a high-level model showing main flows, internal flows of information from sources, such as product catalogs, and manufacturing schedules. Customer profiles and accounting information are not shown. These are presumed to be present. In an information flow model, each processing stage is described as one of the following stage classes: 1. Data Supply Ââ€" where data suppliers forward information into the system. 2. Data Acquisition Ââ€" the stage that accepts data from external suppliers and injects it into the system. 3. Data Creation Ââ€" internal to the system, data may be generated and then forwarded to another processing stage. 4. Data Processing Ââ€" any stage that accepts input and generates output (as well as generating side effects). 5. Data Packaging Ââ€" any point at which information is collated, aggregated and summarized for reporting purposes. 6. Decision Making Ââ€" the point where human interaction is required. 7. Decision Implementation Ââ€" the stage where the decision made at a decision-making stage is executed, which may affect other processing stages or a data delivery stage. 8. Data Delivery Ââ€" the point where packaged information is delivered to a known data consumer. 9. Data Consumption Ââ€" as the data consumer is the ultimate user of processed information, the consumption stage is the exit stage of the system. Data moves between stages through directed information channels Ââ€" pipelines indicating the flow of information from one processing stage to another and the direction in which data flows. An information flow model is represented by the combination of the processing stages connected by directed information channels. Once the flow model has been constructed, names are assigned to each of the stages and channels. An information flow model can be used to identify the source of a data quality problem. The effects of a data quality problem might manifest themselves at different stages within an information flow, perhaps at different data consumption stages. However, what may appear to be multiple problems may all be related to a single point of failure that takes place earlier in the processing. By identifying a set of data-quality expectations and creating validation rules that can be imposed at the entry and exit of each processing stage, we can trace through the information flow model to the stage at which the data quality problem occurred. Fixing the problem at the source will have a beneficial effect across the board, as all subsequent manifestations should be eliminated!

Definition and Examples of Derivational Morphemes

Definition and Examples of Derivational Morphemes When youre talking about biology, morphology is defined as the branch of study that deals with the form and structure of organisms and their unique structural features. Linguists often think of language as a living thing because, like a biological life form, it is reshaped by external forces acting on its structure and also changes over time. Linguistic morphology, then, is the study of how words are formed and how they relate to other words in a common language. Much the same way a biologist might study the phenomenon of metamorphosis, a linguist might study a word and its component parts to learn how its structure and meaning have evolved. In grammar, a derivational morpheme is an  affix- a group of letters added before the beginning (prefix) or after the end (suffix)- of a root or base word to create a new word or a new form of an existing word. Adding Derivational Morphemes Adding a derivational morpheme often changes the grammatical category or part of speech of the root word to which it is added. For example, adding ful to the noun beauty changes the word into an adjective (beautiful), while  replacing the e with er at the end of the verb merge changes it into a noun (merger). The form of a word that results from adding a derivational morpheme is known as a derived word or a derivative. You can add derivational morphemes to free morphemes, which are those words that cant be divided into smaller component parts and retain meaning. Most one-syllable words in the English language are free morphemes. For instance, in the sentence: I hit the man on his head, each of the words is a free morpheme that cant be broken down into smaller parts. To give the sentence a more precise meaning, I could toss in a derivational morpheme. By adding the prefix fore to the word head the reader now knows which part of the head the man was hit on. Not only does it give the precise location of the injury, it indicates a greater potential for harm since the forehead is a very sensitive part of the human anatomy. You can also add more than one derivational morpheme to a root word to create several different meanings. For example, the verb transform consists of the root word form and a derivational morpheme, the prefix trans. By adding the derivational morpheme ation as a suffix, transform becomes the noun transformation. But you dont have to stop there. By adding another derivational morpheme suffix al after ation, you can create the adjective transformational. Inflectional Morphemes vs. Derivational Morphemes Inflectional morphemes  define certain aspects pertaining to the grammatical function of a word. There are only eight inflectional morphemes in the English language- and they’re all suffixes. The two inflectional morphemes that can be added to nouns are -’s (apostrophe s) to indicate the possessive case and -es to indicate the plural case. The four inflections that can be added to verbs are -(e)d to indicate past tense, -ing to indicate the present participle, -en, to represent the past participle, and –s, for the third person singular. The two inflections can be added to adjectives are: -er, for the comparative and -est, for the superlative. Unlike inflectional affixes, the potential number of derivational affixes in the English language is limited only by the scope of the vocabulary of a given speaker or writer. As a result, it would impossible to create a comprehensive list of derivational morphemes but we can look at a few representative examples. In American English when suffixes such as -ize or -ful are added to a noun, the noun becomes the corresponding verb, as in cannibalize, vaporize, mesmerize, helpful, playful, thoughtful, and so on. When the suffix -ize is added to an adjective, the words are transformed into verbs: realize, finalize, vitalize, etc. Some Morphemes are Both Inflectional and Derivational Meanwhile, some inflectional morphemes, specifically -ed, -en, -er, -ing, and -ly, can take on on characteristics of derivational morphemes. For example, the suffix -er can function as both an inflectional and a derivational morpheme. In its inflectional capacity, -er is added to adjectives to indicate the comparative as in thicker, describing something that has additional mass. As a derivational morpheme, -er gets a lot of use in the production of forming new nouns. Such morphemes when attached to root verbs form nouns such as farmer to describe someone who performs the action indicated by the verb. When -er is added to a root adjective, a noun is formed: as in homesteader, which describes someone in terms of the quality denoted by the adjective. When -er is added to a nominal root noun, the meaning of the resulting noun is incorporated in the modified word. Take the word freighter for example. The root word freight has been modified, however, the definition of the new noun freighter- a type of vessel used to transport freight- retains the quality denoted by the original noun. Sources Hamawand, Zeki. Morphology in English: Word Formation in Cognitive Grammar. Continuum, 2011Remson, Lynne Hebert. Oral Language from Literacy for the New Millennium, ed. by Barbara J. Guzzetti. Praeger, 2007Parker, Frank and Riley, Kathryn. Linguistics for Non-Linguists, 2nd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 1994